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references on the above named topic as a convenience to respiratory
therapists, pulmonologists and medical aerosol scientists. You
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Aerosolized
Morphine and Other Opioids
Beauford W, Saylor TT,
Stansbury DW, Avalos K, Light RW. Effects of nebulized morphine
sulfate on the exercise tolerance of the ventilatory limited COPD
patient. Chest 1993; 104:175-178.
Chrubasik J, Wust H,
Friedrich G, Geller E. Absorption and bioavailability of nebulized
morphine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1988; 61:228-230. [UI
88326798]
Cohen, Martin. Treatment of Intractable
Dyspnea: Clinical and Ethical
Issues. Cancer Investigation 1992; 10: 317-321.
Davis C. The use of
nebulized opioids for breathlessness. Palliative Medicine 1995;
9:169-170.
Farncombe M, Chater S.
Clinical application of nebulized opioids for treatment of dyspnoea
in patients with malignant disease. Support Care Cancer 1994;
2:184-187.
Farncombe M, Chater S.
Case
studies outlining use of nebulized morphine for patients with
end-stage chronic lung and cardiac disease. Journal of Pain &
Symptom Management 1993; 4:221-225.
Foral PA, Malesker MA,
Huerta G, Hilleman DE. Nebulized opioids use in COPD.
Chest. 2004 Feb;125(2):691-4.
Harris-Eze AO, Sridhar G,
Clemens RE, Zintel TA, Gallagher CG, Marciniuk DD. Low-dose
nebulized morphine does not improve exercise in interstitial lung
disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care
Medicine 1995; 152:1940-1945.
Howe JL. (Point)
Nebulized morphine for hospice patients. American Journal of Hospice
& Palliative Care 1995; 12:6.
Stephany T. (Counterpoint)
Nebulized morphine: Another point of view. American Journal of
Hospice & Palliative Care 1995; 12:7.
Lang E. Acute respiratory
depression as a complication of nebulized morphine. Canadian Journal
of Anaesthesia 1988; 45:60-62.
MacLeod RD, King BJ. Relieving breathlessness with nebulized morphine. Palliative
Medicine 1995; 9:169.
Masood AR, Thomas SHL.
Systemic absorption of nebulized morphine compared with oral
morphine in healthy subjects. British Journal of Clinical
Pharmacology 1996; 41:250-252.
Masood AR, Subhan MMF, Reed
JW, Thomas SHL. Effects of inhaled nebulized morphine on ventilation
and breathlessness during exercise in healthy man. Clinical Science
1995; 88:447-452.
Masood, AR, Reed, JW,
Thomas, SHL Lack of effect of inhaled morphine on exercise-induced
breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax
1995;50,629-634
Quelch PC, Faulkner DE, Yun
JWS. Nebulized opioids in the treatment of dyspnea. Journal of
Palliative Care 1997; 13:48-52.
Stein WW, Min YK. Nebulized
morphine for paroxysmal cough and dyspnea in a nursing home resident
with metastatic cancer. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative
Care 1997; 14:52-56.
Ward ME, Woodhouse A,
Mather LE, Farr SJ, Okikawa JK, Lloyd P, Schuster JA, Rubsamen RM.
Morphine pharmacokinetics after pulmonary administration from a
novel aerosol delivery system. Clinical Pharmacology &
Therapeutics 1997; 62:596-609.
Watson NW, Taylor KMG, Joel
SP, Slevin ML, Eden OB. A pharmacokinetic study of sublingual
aerosolized morphine in healthy volunteers. Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology 1996; 48:1256-1259.
Zeppetella G. Nebulized
morphine in the palliation of dyspoea. Palliative Medicine 1997;
11:267-275.
Bruera E. Effects of
Morphine on the Dyspnea of Terminal Cancer Patients. Journal of Pain
and Symptom Management 1990; 5:341-344.
Bruera E. Subcutaneous
Morphine for Dyspnea in Cancer Patients. Annals of Internal Medicine
1993; 119:906-907.
Cowcher, Kristen;
"Long-Term Management of Respiratory Symptoms in Advanced
Cancer", J Pain Management 1990; 5:320-330.
Haylock, Pamela; Breathing
Difficulty: "Changes in Respiratory Function", Seminars in
Oncology Nursing, Vol 3, no. 4, Nov. 1987: 293-298.
Krasnow, Stephan;
"Morphine for Dyspnea in Patients with Cancer" (letter),
Annuals of Internal Medicine, Vol 120, no. 8, 15 April 1994,
692-693.
Mabe, Susan;
"Nebulized morphine for the relief of dyspnea", Am J
Health Syst Pharm; vol 52, Jan 15, 1995, 146-148.
Reuben, David; "Dyspnea
in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients", Chest 1986 Feb: 234-236.
Stulbarg, Michael; "A
contemporary approach to dyspnea management", Journal for
Respiratory Care Practitioners; Oct/Nov 1994.
Tooms, Andrew; "Nebulised
Morphine" (letter), Lancet, vol 342, Oct. 30, 1993:1123-24.
Ventafridda, Vittorio;
"Control of Dyspnea in Advanced Cancer Patients" (letter),
Chest (1990) 6; Dec 1990:1544-45.
Walsh, Declan;
"Dyspnoea in advanced cancer" (commentary), Lancet, vol
342, Aug. 21, 1993: 450-451.
Zebraski SE, Kochenash SM, Raffa RB. Lung
opioid receptors: pharmacology and possible target for nebulized
morphine in dyspnea. Life Sci. 2000;66(23):2221-31.
Pauwels, RA, Buist, S, Calverley, PMA, et al (2001) Global
strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 163:1256-1276
McCrory, DC, Brown,
C, Gelfand, SE, et al Management of acute exacerbations of
COPD. Chest 2001;119:1190-1209
Nicotra, MB, Carter,
R The use of opiates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Clin Pulm Med 1995;2:143-151
Eaton, B, Hall, J,
MacDonald, S Does nebulized morphine offer symptom relief to
patients with disabling dyspnea during end-stage disease? Can
Fam Physician 1999;45:319-320
Mabe, SR, Connelly,
JF Nebulized morphine for the relief of dyspnea. Am J
Health Syst Pharm 1995;52:146-148
Young, IH, Daviskas,
E, Keena, VA Effect of low dose nebulized morphine on exercise
endurance in patients with chronic lung disease. Thorax
1989;44:387-390
Jankelson, D, Hosseini,
K, Mather, LE, et al Lack of effect of high doses of inhaled
morphine on exercise endurance in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997;10:2270-2274
Noseda, A, Carpiaux,
JP, Markstein, C, et al Disabling dyspnoea in patients with
advanced disease: lack of effect of nebulized morphine. Eur
Respir J 1997;10:1079-1083
Farncombe, M, Chater, S,
Gillin, A The use of nebulized opioids for breathlessness: a
chart review. Palliat Med 1994;8,306-312
Hutchison TA, Shahan
DR. DRUGDEX® system. Greenwood Village, CO: Micromedix
(edition expires September 2003).
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