Reference List: Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs)

Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs)

Using an inhaler and a spacer. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1997;1:231-2.

Aalto E, Havu M, Kotaniemi J, et al. Comparison of terbutaline Turbuhaler and albuterol chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inhaler in middle-aged and elderly patients with obstructive lung disease. Ann Allergy. 1992;69:33-6.

Abley C. Teaching elderly patients how to use inhalers. A study to evaluate an education programme on inhaler technique, for elderly patients. J Adv Nurs. 1997;25:699-708.

Abundis J. Hazards of metered-dose bronchodilator inhalers. J Emerg Nurs. 1985;11:262-4.

Ahrens R, Lux C, Bahl T, Han SH. Choosing the metered-dose inhaler spacer or holding chamber that matches the patient's need: evidence that the specific drug being delivered is an important consideration. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96:288-94.

Alexander DJ. Safety of propellants. J Aerosol Med. 1995;8 Suppl 1:S29-34.

Allen SC. Competence thresholds for the use of inhalers in people with dementia. Age Ageing. 1997;26:83-6.

Allen SC, Prior A. What determines whether an elderly patient can use a metered dose inhaler correctly? Br J Dis Chest. 1986;80:45-9.

Amirav I, Goren A, Pawlowski NA. What do pediatricians in training know about the correct use of inhalers and spacer devices? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94:669-75.

Amirav I, Newhouse MT. Metered-dose inhaler accessory devices in acute asthma: efficacy and comparison with nebulizers: a literature review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:876-82.

Ariyananda PL, Agnew JE, Clarke SW. Aerosol delivery systems for bronchial asthma. Postgrad Med J. 1996;72:151-6.

Avital A, Godfrey S, Schachter J, Springer C. Protective effect of albuterol delivered via a spacer device (Babyhaler) against methacholine induced bronchoconstriction in young wheezy children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;17:281-4.

Ba M, Spier S, Lapierre G, Lamarre A. Wet nebulizer versus spacer and metered dose inhaler via tidal breathing. J Asthma. 1989;26:355-8.

Baciewicz AM, Kyllonen KS. Aerosol inhaler technique in children with asthma. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989;46:2510-11.

Bamber MG. Difficulties with CFC-free salbutamol inhaler [letter]. Lancet. 1996;348:1737.

Barry PW, O'Callaghan C. In vitro comparison of the amount of salbutamol available for inhalation from different formulations used with different spacer devices. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:1345-8.

Barry PW, O'Callaghan C. Inhalational drug delivery from seven different spacer devices. Thorax. 1996;51:835-40.

Barry PW, O'Callaghan C. Multiple actuations of salbutamol MDI into a spacer device reduce the amount of drug recovered in the respirable range. Eur Respir J. 1994;7:1707-9.

Beausoleil JL, Weldon DP, McGeady SJ. Beta 2-agonist metered dose inhaler overuse: psychological and demographic profiles. Pediatrics. 1997;99:40-3.

Becker AB, Simons FE, Benoit TC, Gillespie CA. Terbutaline by metered-dose inhaler: conventional inhaler versus tube spacer for children with asthma. Ann Allergy. 1985;55:724-8.

Berg E. In vitro properties of pressurized metered dose inhalers with and without spacer devices. J Aerosol Med. 1995;8 Suppl 3:S3-10.

Berry RB, Shinto RA, Wong FH, et al. Nebulizer vs spacer for bronchodilator delivery in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 1989;96:1241-6.

Bisgaard H. Demands on spacer devices for young children. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997;16:188-9.

Bisgaard H. Drug delivery from inhaler devices [editorial]. BMJ. 1996;313:895-6.

Bisgaard H, Andersen JB, et al. A clinical comparison of aerosol and powder administration of beclomethasone dipropionate in childhood asthma. Allergy. 1984;39:365-9.

Bisgaard H, Anhoj J, Klug B, Berg E. A non-electrostatic spacer for aerosol delivery. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73:226-30.

Bishop MJ, Larson RP, Buschman DL. Metered dose inhaler aerosol characteristics are affected by the endotracheal tube actuator/adapter used. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:1263-5.

Blake KV, Harman E, Hendeles L. Evaluation of a generic albuterol metered-dose inhaler: importance of priming the MDI. Ann Allergy. 1992;68:169-74.

Blake KV, Hoppe M, Harman E, Hendeles L. Relative amount of albuterol delivered to lung receptors from a metered-dose inhaler and nebulizer solution. Bioassay by histamine bronchoprovocation. Chest. 1992;101:309-15.

Bloomfield P, Crompton GK, Winsey NJ. A tube spacer to improve inhalation of drugs from pressurised aerosols. BMJ. 1979;2:1479.

Blumenthal MN, Casale TB, Fink JN, et al. Evaluation of a non-chlorofluorocarbon formulation of cromolyn sodium (Intal) metered-dose inhaler versus the chlorofluorocarbon formulation in the treatment of adult patients with asthma: a controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:7-13.

Boccuti L, Celano M, Geller RJ, Phillips KM. Development of a scale to measure children's metered-dose inhaler and spacer technique. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996;77:217-21.

Boe J, Stiksa G, Svensson K, Asbrink E. New method of evaluating patient preference for different inhalation delivery systems. Ann Allergy. 1992;68:255-60.

Bollert FG, Matusiewicz SP, Dewar MH, et al. Comparative efficacy and potency of ipratropium via Turbuhaler and pressurized metered-dose inhaler in reversible airflow obstruction. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:1824-8.

Bouchikhi A, Becquemin MH, Bignon J, et al. Particle size study of nine metered dose inhalers, and their deposition probabilities in the airways. Eur Respir J. 1988;1:547-52.

Bowton DL. Metered-dose inhalers versus hand-held nebulizers. Some answers and new questions [editorial; comment]. Chest. 1992;101:298-9.

Bowton DL, Goldsmith WM, Haponik EF. Substitution of metered-dose inhalers for hand-held nebulizers. Success and cost savings in a large, acute-care hospital. Chest. 1992;101:305-8.

Boyd G. The continued need for metered dose inhalers. J Aerosol Med. 1995;8 Suppl 1:S9-12.

Brashear RE. Pressurized aerosol bronchodilator instruction [letter]. Chest. 1983;84:117.

Bronsky EA, Debelic M, Pujet JC, Hahn M. Ease-of-use study of pirbuterol acetate in the Autohaler actuator in three countries: the United States, Germany, and France. J Asthma. 1993;30:439-43.

Brown PH, Blundell G, Greening AP, Crompton GK. Do large volume spacer devices reduce the systemic effects of high dose inhaled corticosteroids? Thorax. 1990;45:736-9.

Brown PH, Greening AP, Crompton GK. Large volume spacer devices and the influence of high dose beclomethasone dipropionate on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Thorax. 1993;48:233-8.

Brown PH, Ning AC, Greening AP, et al. Peak inspiratory flow through Turbuhaler in acute asthma. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:1940-1.

Carter ER. Albuterol administered by metered-dose inhaler and spacer to young children with wheezing [letter; comment]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:1352-4.

Chapman KR. The choice of inhalers in adults and children over six. J Aerosol Med. 1995;8 Suppl 2:S27-36.

Chapman KR, Friberg K, Balter MS, et al. Albuterol via Turbuhaler versus albuterol via pressurized metered- dose inhaler in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;78:59-63.

Chapman KR, Love L, Brubaker H. A comparison of breath-actuated and conventional metered-dose inhaler inhalation techniques in elderly subjects. Chest. 1993;104:1332-7.

Chhabra SK. A comparison of &quotclosed" and &quotopen" mouth techniques of inhalation of a salbutamol metered-dose inhaler. J Asthma. 1994;31:123-5.

Chiang AA, Lee JC. Misunderstandings about inhalers [letter]. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1690-1.

Chipps BE, Naumann PF, Wong GA, Raabe OG. Clinical comparison of Gentle-Haler Actuator and Aerochamber spacer for metered dose inhaler (MDI) use by asthmatics. Respir Care. 1992;37:1414-22.

Chou KJ, Cunningham SJ, Crain EF. Metered-dose inhalers with spacers vs nebulizers for pediatric asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:201-5.

Clark AR. MDIs: physics of aerosol formation. J Aerosol Med. 1996;9 Suppl 1:S19-26.

Clark DJ, Lipworth BJ. Effect of multiple actuations, delayed inhalation and antistatic treatment on the lung bioavailability of salbutamol via a spacer device. Thorax. 1996;51:981-4.

Clarke JR, Aston H, Silverman M. Delivery of salbutamol by metered dose inhaler and valved spacer to wheezy infants: effect on bronchial responsiveness. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:125-9.

Colacone A, Afilalo M, Wolkove N, Kreisman H. A comparison of albuterol administered by metered dose inhaler (and holding chamber) or wet nebulizer in acute asthma. Chest. 1993;104:835-41.

Comis A, Valletta EA, Sette L, et al. Comparison of nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate administered by pressurized aerosol, with and without a spacer device in exercise- induced asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 1993;6:523-6.

Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. American Academy of Pediatrics. Metered-dose inhalers for young athletes with exercise-induced asthma. Pediatrics. 1994;94:129-30.

Conner WT, Dolovich MB, Frame RA, Newhouse MT. Reliable salbutamol administration in 6- to 36-month-old children by means of a metered dose inhaler and Aerochamber with mask. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1989;6:263-7.

Connolly MJ. Inhaler technique of elderly patients: comparison of metered-dose inhalers and large volume spacer devices. Age Ageing. 1995;24:190-2.

Connolly MJ. Management of asthma in general practice. Difficulty with spacer devices [letter; comment]. BMJ. 1994;308:200.

Cowie RL. Can size of spacer make a difference? [letter; comment]. Can Fam Physician. 1994;40:432-3.

Cragg DK. Efficient inhaler devices [letter; comment]. Br J Gen Pract. 1996;46:199.

Craig T. Use of spacer devices with inhaled steroids [letter; comment]. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:547-8.

Crogan SJ, Bishop MJ. Delivery efficiency of metered dose aerosols given via endotracheal tubes. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:1008-10.

Crompton GK. The adult patient's difficulties with inhalers. Lung. 1990;168 Suppl:658-62.

Crompton GK. Inhalation devices. Eur J Respir Dis. 1982;63:489-92.

Crompton GK. Problems patients have using pressurized aerosol inhalers. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1982;119:101-4.

Crompton GK, Prowse K. Matching inhalers and spacer devices [letter]. BMJ. 1994;309:1584.

Cronin S. Spacer design [letter]. Lancet. 1993;342:1361-2.

Curtis JM, Baj M. Hazards of inhaler treatment [letter]. Br J Hosp Med. 1994;52:53.

Dalby RN. Prediction and assessment of flammability hazards associated with metered-dose inhalers containing flammable propellants. Pharm Res. 1992;9:636-42.

Daniels S, Meuleman J. Importance of assessment of metered-dose inhaler technique in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:82-4.

De Blaquiere P, Christensen DB, Carter WB, Martin TR. Use and misuse of metered-dose inhalers by patients with chronic lung disease. A controlled, randomized trial of two instruction methods. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:910-6.

Dean MM. Choosing the best inhaler for patients [letter; comment]. Can Fam Physician. 1994;40:432.

Desager KN, van Bever HP, Vermeire PA. Comparison of non-chlorofluorocarbon-containing salbutamol and conventional inhaler [letter]. Lancet. 1996;348:200-1.

Dhand R, Duarte AG, Jubran A. Dose-response to bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:388-93.

Dhand R, Jubran A, Tobin MJ. Bronchodilator delivery by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator- supported patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1827-33.

Dhand R, Malik SK, Balakrishnan M, Verma SR. High speed photographic analysis of aerosols produced by metered dose inhalers. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1988;40:429-30.

Dhand R, Tobin MJ. Bronchodilator delivery with metered-dose inhalers in mechanically- ventilated patients. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:585-95.

Diot P, Lemarie E. Wet nebulizers vs metered dose inhalers [letter; comment]. Chest. 1994;106:980.

Diot P, Morra L, Smaldone GC. Albuterol delivery in a model of mechanical ventilation. Comparison of metered-dose inhaler and nebulizer efficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1391-4.

Dolovich M. In vitro measurements of delivery of medications from MDIs and spacer devices. J Aerosol Med. 1996;9 Suppl 1:S49-58.

Dolovich M. Rationale for spacer use in children. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997;16:184-5.

Dolovich M, Ruffin R, Corr D, Newhouse MT. Clinical evaluation of a simple demand inhalation MDI aerosol delivery device. Chest. 1983;84:36-41.

Dolovich MB, Ramsdale EH. Replacing CFC aerosols with powders [letter]. Can Med Assoc J. 1990;142:1036.

Donateo L, Gerardi R, Cantini L. A new spacer device for administration of inhaled salbutamol: use in elderly asthmatics. Adv Ther. 1996;13:292-300.

Ebert J, Adams AB, Green-Eide B. An evaluation of MDI spacers and adapters: their effect on the respirable volume of medication. Respir Care. 1992;37:862-8.

Ekstrom T, Andersson AC, Skedinger M, et al. Dose potency relationship of terbutaline inhaled via Turbuhaler or via a pressurized metered dose inhaler. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995;74:328-32.

Engel T, Heinig JH, Malling HJ, et al. Clinical comparison of inhaled budesonide delivered either via pressurized metered dose inhaler or Turbuhaler. Allergy. 1989;44:220-5.

Epstein SW. Is the MDI doomed to extinction? [editorial; comment]. Chest. 1993;103:1313.

Epstein SW, Parsons JE, Corey PN, et al. A comparison of three means of pressurized aerosol inhaler use. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;128:253-5.

Everard M, Milner AD. Pressure flow characteristics of the valve in spacer devices [letter; comment]. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65:159.

Everard ML, Devadason SG, Summers QA, Le Souef PN. Factors affecting total and &quotrespirable" dose delivered by a salbutamol metered dose inhaler. Thorax. 1995;50:746-9.

Fernandez A, Lazaro A, Garcia A, et al. Bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on mechanical ventilation. Utilization of metered-dose inhalers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:164-8.

Fink JB, Dhand R, Duarte AG, et al. Aerosol delivery from a metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation. An in vitro model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:382-7.

Fitzmaurice D, Salter R. Inhaler devices for patients with asthma [letter; comment]. Br J Gen Pract. 1996;46:199-200.

Fok TF, al-Essa M, Monkman S, et al. Delivery of metered dose inhaler aerosols to paralyzed and nonparalyzed rabbits. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:140-4.

Fok TF, Lam K, Chan CK, et al. Aerosol delivery to non-ventilated infants by metered dose inhaler: should a valved spacer be used? Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;24:204-12.

Fok TF, Monkman S, Dolovich M, et al. Efficiency of aerosol medication delivery from a metered dose inhaler versus jet nebulizer in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996;21:301-9.

Fong PM, Sinclair DE. Inhalation devices for asthma. Choosing the right one could make all the difference. Can Fam Physician. 1993;39:2377-82.

Formgren H, Sjokvist A, Stahl E, Wiren JE. Terbutaline in COPD comparison between Turbuhaler and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inhaler. Lung. 1994;172:271-80.

Frew AJ, Macfarlane JT. Poor inhaler technique may be perpetuated by clinical staff. Practitioner. 1984;228:883.

Fuglsang G, Pedersen S. Comparison of a new multidose powder inhaler with a pressurized aerosol in children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1989;7:112-5.

Fuller HD. Comparison of two chamber devices in patients using a metered-dose inhaler with satisfactory technique. Can Med Assoc J. 1986;135:625-9.

Fuller HD, Dolovich MB, Turpie FH, Newhouse MT. Efficiency of bronchodilator aerosol delivery to the lungs from the metered dose inhaler in mechanically ventilated patients. A study comparing four different actuator devices. Chest. 1994;105:214-8.

Fuller RW, Sharma RK, Cripps A. Lung deposition of budesonide from Turbuhaler is twice that from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (P-MDI) [letter]. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:2194-5.

Gappa M, Gartner M, Poets CF, von der Hardt H. Effects of salbutamol delivery from a metered dose inhaler versus jet nebulizer on dynamic lung mechanics in very preterm infants with chronic lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;23:442-8.

Gervais A, Begin P. Bronchodilatation with a metered-dose inhaler plus an extension, using tidal breathing vs jet nebulization. Chest. 1987;92:822-4.

Gibson PG, Wlodarczyk JH, Borgas T. Drug delivery in asthma: a comparison of spacers with a jet nebuliser. Aust N Z J Med. 1995;25:324-9.

Girbino G, Lauriello G, Ando F, Cantini L. Beclomethasone dipropionate given to adult asthmatics through a new spacer device: effects of high-dose administration. Adv Ther. 1996;13:220-9.

Godden DJ, Crompton GK. An objective assessment of the tube spacer in patients unable to use a conventional pressurized aerosol efficiently. Br J Dis Chest. 1981;75:165-8.

Gray SL, Nance AC, Williams DM, Pulliam CC. Assessment of interrater and intrarater reliability in the evaluation of metered dose inhaler technique. Chest. 1994;105:710-4.

Grossman J. The evolution of inhaler technology. J Asthma. 1994;31:55-64.

Guidry GG, Brown WD, Stogner SW, George RB. Incorrect use of metered dose inhalers by medical personnel. Chest. 1992;101:31-3.

Gunawardena KA, Smith AP, Shankleman J. A comparison of metered dose inhalers with nebulizers from the delivery of ipratropium bromide in domiciliary practice. Br J Dis Chest. 1986;80:170-8.

Gunawardena KA, Sohal T, Jones JI, et al. The Spacehaler for delivery of salbutamol: a comparison with the standard metered-dose inhaler plus Volumatic spacer device. Respir Med. 1997;91:311-6.

Hanania NA, Wittman R, Kesten S, Chapman KR. Medical personnel's knowledge of and ability to use inhaling devices. Metered-dose inhalers, spacing chambers, and breath-actuated dry powder inhalers. Chest. 1994;105:111-6.

Hannaway PJ. Failure of a breath-actuated bronchodilator inhaler to deliver aerosol during a bout of near fatal asthma [letter]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98:853.

Harvey CJ, O'Doherty MJ, Page CJ, et al. Effect of a spacer on pulmonary aerosol deposition from a jet nebuliser during mechanical ventilation. Thorax. 1995;50:50-3.

Harwood R, Rau JL, Thomas-Goodfellow L. A comparison of three methods of metered dose bronchodilator delivery to a mechanically ventilated adult lung model. Respir Care. 1994;39:886-891.

Haworth J. Asthma control and morbidity: a comparison of inhaler devices. Nurs Stand. 1996;11:31-4.

Hess D, Daugherty A, Simmons M. The volume of gas emitted from five metered dose inhalers at three levels of fullness. Respir Care. 1992;37:444-7.

Hess D, Fisher D, Peterfreund RA, Kacmarek RM. The delivery of aerosolized steroids from MDIs with nozzle extensions: quantitative laboratory evaluation of a method to improve aerosol delivery to intubated patients. Intensive Care Med. 1995;21:945-51.

Hiller FC, Mazumder MK, Wilson JD, Bone RC. Effect of low and high relative humidity on metered-dose bronchodilator solution and powder aerosols. J Pharm Sci. 1980;69:334-7.

Hirsch T, Peter-Kern M, Koch R, Leupold W. Influence of inspiratory capacity on bronchodilatation via Turbuhaler or pressurized metered-dose inhaler in asthmatic children: a comparison. Respir Med. 1997;91:341-6.

Hofford JM. The metered-dose inhaler supersedes the jet nebulizer [letter]. Chest. 1993;103:327.

Hofford JM. Metered dose inhaler therapy for asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. J Fam Pract. 1992;34:485-92.

Howell M. Staff knowledge of inhaler technique improved by survey. Nurs Times. 1996;92:30-1.

Hultquist C, Ahlstrom H, Kjellman NI, et al. A double-blind comparison between a new multidose powder inhaler (Turbuhaler) and metered dose inhaler in children with asthma. Allergy. 1989;44:467-70.

Idris AH, McDermott MF, Raucci JC, et al. Emergency department treatment of severe asthma. Metered-dose inhaler plus holding chamber is equivalent in effectiveness to nebulizer. Chest. 1993;103:665-72.

Interiano B, Guntupalli KK. Metered-dose inhalers. Do health care providers know what to teach? Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:81-5.

Jackson L, Stahl E, Holgate ST. Terbutaline via pressurised metered dose inhaled (P-MDI) and Turbuhaler in highly reactive asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J. 1994;7:1598-601.

James RW, Masters IB. Single breath versus panting technique in salbutamol delivery through a 750 mL spacing device. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1990;8:263-7.

Jasper AC, Mohsenifar Z, Kahan S, et al. Cost-benefit comparison of aerosol bronchodilator delivery methods in hospitalized patients. Chest. 1987;91:614-8.

Jenkins M. Clinical evaluation of CFC-free metered dose inhalers. J Aerosol Med. 1995;8 Suppl 1:S41-7.

Jenkins SC, Heaton RW, Fulton TJ, Moxham J. Comparison of domiciliary nebulized salbutamol and salbutamol from a metered-dose inhaler in stable chronic airflow limitation. Chest. 1987;91:804-7.

Jones JS, Holstege CP, Riekse R, et al. Metered-dose inhalers: do emergency health care providers know what to teach? Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26:308-11.

Jones MD, Yeager H Jr. Inhaler and spacer use in obstructive airway diseases. Am Fam Physician. 1990;42:1007-13.

Kanner RE, Kanter LJ, Dwork P. A comparison of drug delivery from a metered-dose inhaler plus an inspiratory flow control device with a metered-dose inhaler plus a spacer device. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:853-4.

Kelloway JS, Kochevar JW, Sveum RJ, Hahn MA. Evaluation of the Autohaler actuator: the effect of written patient instructions on correct use. J Asthma. 1993;30:373-9.

Kerem E, Levison H, Schuh S, et al. Efficacy of albuterol administered by nebulizer versus spacer device in children with acute asthma. J Pediatr. 1993;123:313-7.

Kim CS, Eldridge MA, Sackner MA. Oropharyngeal deposition and delivery aspects of metered-dose inhaler aerosols. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135:157-64.

Kim CS, Trujillo D, Sackner MA. Size aspects of metered-dose inhaler aerosols. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:137-42.

Kisch GL, Paloucek FP. Metered-dose inhalers and nebulizers in the acute setting. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26:92-5.

Kleerup EC, Tashkin DP, Cline AC, Ekholm BP. Cumulative dose-response study of non-CFC propellant HFA 134a salbutamol sulfate metered-dose inhaler in patients with asthma. Chest. 1996;109:702-7.

Knowles FW. Pressurised aerosol inhalers [letter]. N Z Med J. 1989;102:387.

Konig P. Spacer devices used with metered-dose inhalers. Breakthrough or gimmick? Chest. 1985;88:276-84.

Kraemer R. Babyhaler--a new paediatric aerosol device. J Aerosol Med. 1995;8 Suppl 2:S19-26.

Kraemer R, Frey U, Sommer CW, Russi E. Short-term effect of albuterol, delivered via a new auxiliary device, in wheezy infants. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:347-51.

Kumana CR, So SY, Lauder IJ, et al. An audit of antiasthmatic drug inhalation technique and understanding. J Asthma. 1993;30:263-9.

Laberge S, Spier S, Drblik SP, Turgeon JP. Comparison of inhaled terbutaline administered by either the Turbuhaler dry powder inhaler or a metered-dose inhaler with spacer in preschool children with asthma. J Pediatr. 1994;124:815-7.

Lahdensuo A, Muittari A. Bronchodilator effects of a fenoterol metered dose inhaler and fenoterol powder in asthmatics with poor inhaler technique. Eur J Respir Dis. 1986;68:332-5.

Larsen JS, Hahn M, Ekholm B, Wick KA. Evaluation of conventional press-and-breathe metered-dose inhaler technique in 501 patients. J Asthma. 1994;31:193-9.

Larsen JS, Hahn M, Kochevar JW, et al. Administration errors with a conventional metered dose inhaler versus a novel breath actuated device. Ann Allergy. 1993;71:103-6.

Laurikainen K, Poukkula A, Korhonen P, et al. Comparison of two beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation aerosol spacer combinations in the treatment of asthma. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994;32:293-8.

LeBelle M, Pike RK, Graham SJ, et al. Metered-dose inhalers, I: Drug content and particle size distribution of beclomethasone dipropionate. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1996;14:793-800.

Lee H, Arnon S, Silverman M. Bronchodilator aerosol administered by metered dose inhaler and spacer in subacute neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1994;70:F218-22.

Lee H, Evans HE. Evaluation of inhalation aids of metered dose inhalers in asthmatic children. Chest. 1987;91:366-9.

Leigh TR, Wiggins J, Gazzard B, Collins JV. A comparison of several agents with two delivery systems for the prevention of airway narrowing induced by nebulised pentamidine isethionate. Respir Med. 1991;85:527-31.

Li JT, Gunderson D. Inhalation of the cap of a metered-dose inhaler [letter]. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:431.

Li JT, Reed CE. Proper use of aerosol corticosteroids to control asthma. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989;64:205-10.

Lin YZ, Hsieh KH. Metered dose inhaler and nebuliser in acute asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1995;72:214-8.

Maesen FP, Greefhorst LP, Smeets JJ, et al. Therapeutic equivalence of a novel HFA134a-containing metered-dose inhaler and the conventional CFC inhaler (Berodual) for the delivery of a fixed combination of fenoterol/ipratropium bromide. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study in patients with asthma. Respiration. 1997;64:273-80.

Maguire GP, Newman T, DeLorenzo LJ, et al. Comparison of a hand-held nebulizer with a metered dose inhaler- spacer combination in acute obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1991;100:1300-5.

Manzella BA, Brooks CM, Richards JM Jr, et al. Assessing the use of metered dose inhalers by adults with asthma. J Asthma. 1989;26:223-30.

Marshik PL, Larsen JS, Leach CL, et al. A novel breath actuated device (Autohaler) consistently actuates during the early phase of inspiration. J Aerosol Med. 1995;8:187-95.

Meeker DP, Stelmach K. Modification of the spacer device. Use in the patient with arthritis or an artificial airway. Chest. 1992;102:1243-4.

Mestitz H, Copland JM, McDonald CF. Comparison of outpatient nebulized vs metered dose inhaler terbutaline in chronic airflow obstruction. Chest. 1989;96:1237-40.

Miller MR, Bright P. Differences in output from corticosteroid inhalers used with a volumatic spacer. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:1637-8.

Moore KA. Using metered-dose inhalers [letter; comment]. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27:271-2.

Morgan MD, Singh BV, Frame MH, Williams SJ. Terbutaline aerosol given through pear spacer in acute severe asthma. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:849-50.

Morley TF, Marozsan E, Zappasodi SJ, et al. Comparison of beta-adrenergic agents delivered by nebulizer vs metered dose inhaler with InspirEase in hospitalized asthmatic patients. Chest. 1988;94:1205-10.

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Compiled 8/15/98. Based on MedLine Update through June, 1998

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